Saudi Spare Capacity
Perhaps the most stunning finding of these extensive studies was the absence throughout the region of the Arab D formation, the primary reservoir rock in the greatest onshore super-giant fields and the most productive source of Saudi Arabian oil.
"One of the study's most startling revelations was that the sag and overlying basin formations (i.e., the sandstones found underneath Ghawar) had been eroded in the central region eons ago and had now been replaced by younger rock." -Schlumberger 1996
'Twilight in the Desert' page 238
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I remember reading back in 2015 where they were pumping 14 million barrels of sea water per day into Ghawar and surrounding fields. It required 20,000 h.p. pumps at very high p.s.i. Maybe they are using a lot more now.